By M. Glasius
Read or Download A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: Project, Principles, Practicalities (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics) PDF
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Additional resources for A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: Project, Principles, Practicalities (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics)
Sample text
The second principle is based on a hierarchy of authority. Norm-setting takes place top-down. International norms prevail over regional, regional over national, and national over local. The UN has higher authority than the regional organizations, the region is placed higher than the national 28 Herbert Wulf level, and the national level has prevalence over the local level. Given the realities of conflict-prone and war-torn societies, not all four levels will actually exist, but the multi-level approach is designed precisely for such situations, where one of the four levels is lacking or, if present, is unable to prevent the breakdown of the monopoly of violence.
In development, it is now commonly accepted that policies targeting women are a good idea not just because women are a marginalized and victimized group but also because they are likely to be effective agents of change. At the same time it has become commonly accepted that they cannot be considered in isolation; the roles of both men and women in particular situations should be considered. Security policy should use and adapt these insights from development studies. A human security policy should focus not only on protecting and empowering individuals, however, but also on tackling the power of those individuals who cause insecurity.
And, paradoxically, the armed forces are more involved in war-fighting in the name of prevention of conflicts and in reconstruction programmes than during the Cold War and the East–West confrontation. In political terms it must be clear that military intervention is not an alternative to diplomacy, negotiations and conflict mediation or modera- A public monopoly of violence 29 tion. This has been clearly spelled out, although often not practised, in the 1992 Agenda for Peace by Boutros Boutros-Ghali (United Nations 1992).
