By Savely G. Karshenboim, Ekkehard Peik
In 1937 the query of a potential temporal version of the basic constants was once raised by means of Paul Dirac in his "large quantity hypothesis." this present day apparently within the context of the hunt for a unified idea of the elemental interactions. It touches either primary and utilized physics, because the postulated unalterability of the constants is the basis for contemporary metrology. The e-book offers reports written through prime specialists within the box. Focussing at the query of diversifications of the elemental "constants" in time or house, the chapters disguise the theoretical framework within which adaptations are anticipated and the quest for adaptations of amounts similar to the fine-structure consistent, the electron/proton mass ratio, g-factors of proton and neutron and so forth. in astrophysical and geophysical observations and in precision experiments with atomic clocks and frequency standards.
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Riehle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 230801 (2002). 37. J. Stenger, C. Tamm, N. Haverkamp, S. Weyers, and H. R. Telle, Opt. Lett. 26, 1589 (2001). 38. E. Peik, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, T. Schneider, Chr. Tamm, eprint physics/0402132. See also [9] for details. 39. T. Udem, S. A. Diddams, K. R. Vogel, C. W. Oates, E. A. Curtis, W. D. Lee, W. M. Itano, R. E. Drullinger, J. C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4996 (2001). 40. S. Bize, S. A. Diddams, U. Tanaka, C. E. Tanner, W. H. Oskay, R.
The TOA is therefore corrected for a pulse arrival at an infinitely high frequency, thereby removing dispersion from the data (last term in 6a). The corresponding Dispersion Measure (DM) is determined during the discovery of the pulsar and can be measured accurately by observations at multiple frequencies. For some pulsars, the dispersion measure is observed to change with time. In order to avoid time-varying drifts introduced into the TOAs in such cases, the above term needs to be modified to include ˙ DM ¨ and so on.
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