By H. W. Ades, A. Axelsson, I. L. Baird, G. v. Békésy, R. L. Boord, C. B. G. Campbell, O. Densert, D. H. Eldredge, H. Engström, J. Fex, J. M. Harrison, O. W. Henson, M. E. Howe, S. Iurato, A. Michelsen, A. R. Møller, R. R. Pfeiffer, S. Rauch, I. Rauch, E. A.
In making plans The instruction manual volumes on Audition, we, the editors, made the choice that there may be many authors, every one writing in regards to the paintings within the box that he knew top via his personal study, instead of a couple of authors who might assessment parts of analysis with which they lacked first hand familiarity. For the needs of the chapters on Audition, sensory body structure has been outlined very commonly to incorporate reports from the various disciplines that give a contribution to our knowing of the buildings all in favour of listening to and the techniques that ensue in those constructions in guy and in decrease animals. a couple of chapters on specified themes were incorporated in an effort to current details that would no longer be coated via the standard chapters facing anatomical, physi ological and behavioral facets of listening to. we want to thank all authors of the volumes on Audition for the contributions that they have got made. We believe convinced that their efforts can also be liked through the numerous scientists and clinicians who will utilize the guide for a few years to return. WOLF D. KEIDEL WILLIAM D. NEFF Erlangen Bloomington August 1974 Contents creation. via G. v. BEKESY t. With three Figures. . . . . . . . 1 bankruptcy 1 attention of the Acoustic Stimulus. by way of R. R. PFEIFFER. With bankruptcy 2 19 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nine Comparative Anatomy of the center Ear. via O. W. HENSON Jr. With bankruptcy three 23 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . .
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Larger leaks can have substantial effect up to many hundreds of cycles per second From our experience, coupling that provides both a maximum signal level and a minimum frequency distortion for a given transducer is best obtained by trial and error. But certain considerations can help in more easily achieving this goal. Key to the acquisition of a good signal coupling to the ear is proper damping of the associated tubes and cavities with steel-wool or nonabsorbent cotton. This damping, as stated above, is best done by trial and error with efforts geared toward obtaining as wide a bandwidth as possible while minimizing substantial resonances or peaks in the curve.
The loss in sensitivity may be as much as 40 dB. Mter ablation of the tripodes, the slope of the audiometric curve changes from a preoperative value of 36 dB/octave to 18 dB/octave (POGGENDORF, 1952). Thus, in addition to providing gain, the ossicular apparatus has a high-pass filtering effect. Changes in depth during swimming should have a considerable effect on the internal pressure of the swimbladder and on hearing capacities. It is important to note, however, that the swimbladder wall is supplied with a layer of smooth muscle and that the tonicity of this muscle keeps the pressure considerably higher than the pressure of the surrounding aquatic medium; this insures proper functioning of the Weberian apparatus at different depths (FRANZ, 1938; EVANS and DAMANT, 1929; see JONES and MARSHALL, 1953).
Comparative Anatomy of the Middle Ear VII. Mammals. . . . . . . . . A. Generalized Morphological Pattern . . . 1. Tympanic Bone and Tympanic Membrane. 2. The Middle Ear Cavity and Eustachian Tube 3. Malleus. 4. Incus . . . . 5. Stapes . . . 6. Ossicular Ligaments 7. Middle Ear Muscles. B. Advanced Morphological Patterns. 1. The Tympanic Bone and Tympanic Membrane 2. The Middle Ear Cavity . . 3. Malleus, Incus and Stapes. C. Highly Specialized Middle Ears. 1. Burrowing Mammals .
