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4). 1. Enzyme catalysis. We have already encountered one class of proteins, enzymes, which are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. Because of this property, the appearance of enzymes was one of the most important events in the evolution of life. 2 cals they work on, facilitating chemical reactions by stressing particular chemical bonds. 2. Defense. Other globular proteins use their shapes to “recognize” foreign microbes and cancer cells. These cell surface receptors form the core of the body’s hormone and immune systems.
3a). This condensation reaction is called a dehydration synthesis, because the removal of the —OH group and H during the synthesis of a new molecule in effect constitutes the removal of a molecule of water (H2O). For every subunit that is added to a macromolecule, one water molecule is removed. Energy is required to break the chemical bonds when water is extracted from the subunits, so cells must supply energy to assemble macromolecules. These and other biochemical reactions require that the reacting substances be held close together and that the correct chemical bonds be stressed and broken.
The reverse condition, blood alkalosis, involves an increase in blood pH of a similar magnitude and is just as serious. The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration in the solution. Thus, low pH values indicate high H+ concentrations (acidic solutions), and high pH values indicate low H+ concentrations (basic solutions). Even small changes in pH can be harmful to life. 20 Buffer formation. Carbon dioxide and water combine chemically to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). The acid then dissociates in water, freeing H+ ions.
