By T. W. Hartquist
Many astrophysical our bodies produce winds, jets or explosions, which blow astounding bubbles. From a nonmathematical, unifying standpoint, in keeping with the knowledge of bubbles, the authors tackle a number of the most enjoyable subject matters in sleek astrophysics together with supernovae, the construction of constitution within the Early Universe, the environments of supermassive black holes and gamma-ray bursts.
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Extra resources for Blowing Bubbles in the Cosmos: Astronomical Winds, Jets, and Explosions
Sample text
A shock is a thin region in which frictional effects in the gas convert much of the kinetic energy, associated with the motion of material flowing into it, to thermal energy. , in the case of a shock near a rocket, the shock is very thin compared to the length of the ship). As gas passes through the shock near the supersonic rocket it is slowed. The slowed gas is heated sufficiently that the sound speed in it increases above the speed at which it approaches the rocket. Immediately behind a highly supersonic shock through which ionized gas (gas in which the electrons are not bound in neutral atoms) passes, the thermal energy per particle is about one half times the kinetic energy per upstream particle, as measured by someone looking upstream from the vantage point of the shock.
The thermal energy per atom in an atomic gas is one half an atom’s mass times the square of the speed typifying the thermal motions (cf. 6). This fact and the relationship between thermal pressure and thermal energy density give a relationship between the pressure and the typical thermal speed. The thermal pressure is roughly the product of the mass per particle, the number density of particles, and the square of the thermal speed. The relationship between thermal pressure and the thermal speed suggests a way of defining a pressure associated with the large-scale motion of a gas.
Mal speed, mentioned above, by at most 30 percent. The sound speed is a speed limit: the influence of pressure differences cannot spread more rapidly than the sound speed. To understand some of the consequences of this speed limit, consider the sketches of flows around two rocket ships shown in figure 4-2. In each case, we will assume that we are piloting the ship so that from our perspective, it is at rest and the air is flowing toward and then around and away from the rocket. If a flow is at a speed less than the sound speed it is said to be subsonic.
