By Karen Bullock (auth.)
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Extra info for Citizens, Community and Crime Control
Example text
Once determined, citizens should, Rousseau contended, set aside the Will of All and instead adopt the General Will as their own in the interests of maintaining an ordered and free society. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) too went beyond his forebears – James Mill, Bentham and Madison – to stress that participation in political decision making was not simply a mechanism for safeguarding against an excessively powerful state. S. Mill sought to articulate and defend a style of government marked by enhanced individual liberty, accountability and efficient and effective administration unhindered by corrupt practices and excessively complex regulations (Held, 1996).
However, his broad insights resonate with many of those made by contemporary critics of citizen participation two thousand years after his death. Plato was damning of the view that those subject to the law should play a part in making it. Indeed, he dismissed the very notion that individuals were equally capable of participating in the decision making processes that lead to the formulation of laws. His position, in short, was that few citizens have the education, skills and judgement necessary to make reasoned political decisions.
Early 20th century elitists were pessimistic about the future of democracy in liberal democracies. Citizen Participation and Democracy 35 The pervasive bureaucracy, professionalism and specialism that characterises systems of modern Western governance were thought to serve to limit the role that the citizen might play in politics. This context, it was argued, constrained the space within which democratic discussion could reasonably take place. Little hope was held for direct democratic processes, viewed as impractical in large, complex and diverse modern societies.
