By Hannes Alfvén (auth.)
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1979) have made in situ measurements of the current system in the ionosphere of Venus. 5. During quiescent conditions, the flux ropes are observed to be a nearly ubiquitous feature of the dayside ionosphere. Their diameters are of the order lS-20km. The data indicate only a small thermal pressure gradient, so that v x B should be small. The observed magnetic field structure can be compared with the theoretical field structure of a flux tube. It is evident that the agreement is satisfactory. This is the first convincing observational evidence for the theoretically expected structure of fllamentary currents producing flux ropes.
If in an initially homogeneous plasma, the parameters in one region are changed above a certain limit, the plasma often reacts by setting up a discontinuous interphase. Quite generally, instead of a continuous space variation of the parameters, the plasma 'prefers' to produce a discontinuity interphase separating two almost homogeneous regions. This may sometimes be the origin of double layers, taking up voltage differences, and cu"ent sheets, separating regions of different magnetization, temperature, and density.
Further, the inductance L determines this frequency and the total energy release should the current through the plasma be disrupted. ) in the tube, we cannot predict the behavior of the plasma unless we know the parameters of the circuit of which the plasma is a part. , which depend on 1 in a complicated way. If, to the first approximation, we set V(J) = Vo + R(I - 10), where 10 and Rare constants, and Vo the voltage between the electrodes at 1 = 10 , The circuit then obeys the equation dI L dt = Vb - Vo -(R + Ro)(1 - 10)' (11) If R + Ro = 0, the plasma will always be in equilibrium Vo = Vb' If R + Ro > 0 and Vo = Vb' the current will decrease until an equilibrium is reached.
