By Linda K. McLoon, Francisco Andrade
This booklet is the main complete connection with date on craniofacial muscle improvement, constitution, functionality, and ailment. It info the state of the art simple technological know-how of the craniofacial muscle groups, and describes their designated reaction to significant neuromuscular stipulations. most significantly, the textual content highlights how the craniofacial muscle tissue are diversified from so much skeletal muscle tissue, and why they've been considered as a special allotype. additionally, the textual content issues to significant gaps in our wisdom approximately those extremely important skeletal muscle mass and pointed out key gaps in our wisdom and components primed for additional examine and discovery.
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Example text
Not only are multiple MyHC isoforms expressed in the muscles as a whole, but the pattern of expression of these isoforms varies dramatically between orbital and global layers and even along the length of EOM fibers (Fig. 6b) (McLoon et al. 1999; Rubinstein and Hoh 2000; Kjellgren et al. 2003a, b; Stirn Kranjc et al. K. McLoon et al. Fig. 8 Co-expression of multiple myosin heavy chain isoforms in single “hybrid” fibers in serially sectioned cross-sections of rabbit inferior rectus muscle immunostained for the following six MyHC isoforms: EOM specific, fast type IIA (IIA), embryonic (developmental, EMB), slow tonic, slow type I (I), neonatal (perinatal, NEO).
Histochemistry 80:535–538 Pachter BR, Colbjornsen C (1983) Rat extraocular muscle. 2. Histochemical fibre types. J Anat 137:161–170 Pachter BR, Davidowitz A, Breinin GM (1976) Light and electron microscopic serial analysis of mouse extraocular muscle: morphology, innervation and topographical organization of component fiber populations. Tissue Cell 8:547–560 Patel SP, Gamboa JL, McMullen CA, Rabchevsky A, Andrade FH (2009) Lower respiratory capacity in extraocular muscle mitochondria: evidence for intrinsic differences in mitochondrial composition and function.
In contrast, 99% of the “fast” EOM myofibers contain SERCA1, and 86% of these also contain SERCA2 (Kjellgren et al. 2003a, b). On the other hand, 100% of the “slow” EOM myofibers contain SERCA2, but 54% also 3 Extraocular Muscle Structure and Function 43 contain SERCA1. Overall, calcium handling is also significantly different in EOM than in limb and body skeletal muscles. The EOM are more resistant to necrosis induced by elevated cytosolic calcium levels (Khurana et al. 1995; Zeiger et al. 2010).
