By Dirk Berg-Schlosser
The issues of democratization - its successes, disasters, and destiny clients - belong to the main urgent issues of our occasions. Empirical democratic conception has obtained many new impulses because the final wave of democratization in Latin the US, japanese Europe, Africa, and Southeast and East Asia. The strategies and findings offered during this moment version - through best overseas specialists within the box - are of excessive relevance either for political technological know-how and sensible politics
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Extra info for Democratization : the state of the art
Sample text
To varying degrees, all these indices share some common problems. First of all, there are some difficulties with the respective data bases and the sources of information available. The Vanhanen data are the “hardest” and 35 most objectifiable, being based on official election statistics, but even some of these statistics have to be taken at their face value without, in many instances, the opportunity to assess whether the elections have, in fact, been “free and fair” or whether a considerable amount of fraud and manipulation occurred.
A second school of thought continues to work in a historical-sociological and socialstructuralist tradition (for example, Rueschemeyer et al. 1992). Thirdly, institutionalist and “neo-institutionalist” approaches are receiving renewed attention (March and Olsen 1995). S. in the 1990s, is the “public” or more generally “rational choice” one (see, for example, Weingast 1996). At the same time, current national and sub-national developments are increasingly embedded in international trends of economic and political globalization, as emphasized, for example, by the “international political economy” school (see, for example, Cox 1987) and more general “cosmopolitan” concerns (for example, Archibugi and Held 1995).
Nonetheless, it is unlikely that the problem of democratic transitions will cease to be of importance to the lives of tens of millions and even billions of people. On the one hand, the challenge of a democratic transition remains one of vital importance to a large number of countries. Depending upon the precise way in which the crossing of the threshold between authoritarianism and democracy is measured, in the year 2000 a full 40 to 60 percent of the countries in the world, including cases as significant as China and practically entire regions such as the Middle East, have never achieved democracy (Huntington 1991: 26, Diamond 1999: 25-28, Diamond 2003).
