By John G. Gagliardo
German heritage within the 17th and eighteenth centuries is notoriously inaccessible to non-specialists. whilst different ecu nations have been good with a view to changing into state states, Germany remained frozen as a territorially-fragmented, politically and religiously-divided society. The fulfillment of this significant contribution to the hot historical past of Germany is to do justice to the range and multiplicity of the interval with out foundering below the wealth of data it conveys.
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Parker, The Thirty Years' War, p. 67. 43 Germany under the Old Regime 1600-1790 Maximilian concerning their bargain relative to Friedrich V's electoral title. The publication of their correspondence (obtained through the capture of a courier by some of Mansfeld's troops) created an instant sensation and howls of outrage in an Empire previously ignorant of the deal and much of the rest of Europe was also taken aback by this news of trafficking in an important imperial dignity. Ferdinand not only delayed conferral of the title because of this stir, but also felt obliged to enlist the assistance of the papacy in a major propaganda effort, lasting for the remainder of 1622, designed to demonstrate to his coreligionists all over Europe the moral and legal correctness - not to mention the political advantage - of the transfer.
The Dutch contributed significant monies for this army and James I of England, in spite of serious and continuing reservations about the whole affair, dispatched both money and a couple of English regiments for service in the Palatinate. There were, to be sure, some less favourable developments in the course of 1621. For example: in spite of their deep unhappiness over constitutionally dubious aspects of the ban pronounced on Friedrich by the emperor - and especially the extension of the ban to Friedrich's posterity, which caused much genuine outrage in the Empire - the members of the Protestant Union had come to look at their association as not merely useless (which had long since been proved beyond doubt), but also as downright dangerous to 41 Germany under the Old Regime 160~1790 themselves and therefore dissolved it in May 1621.
Finally, of course, there was the German Protestant Union. After its early verbal support of the Bohemians' 'defence' of their traditional rights and liberties and the subsequent acceptance of Savoy's small military offering for the rebels, the Union's first major decision respecting the crisis was its agreement in June 1619, to raise an army of 11,000 - a force, however, which was to be employed only for its own defence. From this time on and especially in the face of the studied neutrality of the rest of Protestant Germany, the solidarity of the alliance began to crack; and in November, at its first plenary meeting after Friedrich V had accepted the Bohemian crown at the hands of the rebels, only two of its members expressed support for Friedrich's decision.
