By John F Vallentine
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Example text
In plants with a U-shaped TAC reserve cycle, low levels normally remain during active growth, with re serve stores being replenished only after growth rates decline as plants approach maturity or seed shatter. The seasonal variation of TAC reserves differs among species. For many species the lowest reserve levels occur during early growth, but in others the lowest level is found at seed ripening. T h e highest TAC levels are generally found as senescence approaches, but an additional drawdown in reserves may accompany fall regrowth.
Even today, all grazing is some- 22 2. G R A Z I N G EFFECTS O N PLANTS A N D SOIL times improperly equated with improper, destructive grazing. Grazing is a tool that can be used not only to harvest the grazing resource but also to improve it, and for environmental enhancement generally. However, for these benefits to be realized requires optimum grazing management in all of its aspects. T h e positive influences of prescribed grazing on the forage and soil re sources should be considered. These include the following: 1.
T h e inadvertent pulling up of stolons or shallow rhizomes during graz ing can also be a problem. Since black grama recovery from drought or prior defoliation depends upon the production of an adequate number of stolons, careful grazing management or even temporary exclusion of graz ing and trampling will be required for the establishment of new offset plants from the outer buds on these stolons (Valentine, 1970). Stout and Brooke (1985a) found that more tillers of pinegrass are normally uprooted (a tuft of tillers) than are torn off (individual tillers torn out of the tuft) by grazing animals.
