By Bernard A. Marcus
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Extra resources for Human Nutrition (Cliffs Quick Review)
Example text
In the diet, fats are provided principally by animal foods, that is, meats and dair y products; however, certain grains and vegetables contain fats as well . Animal fats are typically saturated, which will be discussed in detai l in the chapter on lipids (p. 69), and are solid. Lard, or pork fat, and tallow, or beef fat, are more or less familiar examples of saturated fats. In contrast, plant fats are typically unsaturated, are liquid i n nature, and are generally referred to as oils. The fats, like the carbo hydrates, are principally used for energy .
Once food is absorbed into the blood capillaries in the villi, it is transporte d into larger and larger vessels, which finally collect into the hepati c portal vein. This vein carries nutrients from the small intestine to th e liver, where some nutrients, specifically sugar and some vitamins an d minerals, are stored until needed . In addition, the liver may convert some nutrients to others, such as excess proteins to sugar, if it's needed . Finally, food may contain some toxic materials . The liver converts many of these into nontoxic chemicals, with perhaps alcohol as th e best example .
Cholecystokinin, secreted by the small intestine, promotes the secretion of pancreatic juice that i s rich in digestive enzymes, and it stimulates the gallbladder to con tract and eject bile into the duodenum. OTHER BOD Y SYSTEM S The Integumentary System The integumentary system, better known as the skin, covers the body, and at first glance would not appear to have a direct relation ship with nourishment. However, one of its several functions is to prevent water loss . For example, many times a person survives a fire , with severe bums over more than half of his or her body, only to di e a few days later from dehydration because too much skin was lost t o contain the body's water.
