By H. G. Coskun (auth.), H. Gonca Coskun, H. Kerem Cigizoglu, M. Derya Maktav (eds.)
In case of safeguard threats there's a want for temporal entry to accomplish, up-to-date, trustworthy info, in a devoted shape, is an important prerequisite to successfully counter protection threats. at present the required details exists in a mess of types and codecs geographically and bodily scattered over varied international locations, institutes and enterprises, and are topic to greatly various facts guidelines and administration schemes. in addition, there is not any entire and up-to-date evaluation of the prevailing details, e.g. within the type of a metadata catalogue. for that reason, integration of this knowledge in case of emergencies has confirmed to be super tough, if no longer most unlikely. even supposing from time to time, attention-grabbing and ambitious "demonstrations" were proven of the probabilities of the combination of knowledge, for a couple of purposes those have reached the "operational" stage.
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The workflow of our approach is shown in Figure 6. For classification process a score for each pixel of the hyperspectral data has to be determined (SAM score). SAM values are calculated by the cosine of a spectral angle for each given reference spectrum. This procedure produces a class image and an additional layer of SAM values, a “rule image” which contains n spectral angles for each image pixel at n given endmembers. A value near zero in a rule image represents a good fit to a given endmember (see Greiwe 2006 for more details).
GIS-based enhancement of the Ikonos image. The process can be modeled in a flow chart or script language environment and thus be applied to other images and geographic regions. It has to be noted that the choice of suitable feature classes is still an interactive process and has to be performed by the user. 40 M. EHLERS Figure 20. 5σ ). This process can be augmented using image segmentation algorithms. Image segmentation for feature selection can also be used if a priori information is not available, outdated, or inaccurate.
For many areas in the world, there exists a wealth of a priori information in existing spatial databases, digital maps or previous analyses of remotely sensed data. Usually, this type of information is stored in a raster or vector based GIS. With the progress in the integration of remote sensing and GIS software, many commercial systems allow the simultaneous display and use of GIS and image layers. For a joint analysis, however, usually GIS vector layers have to be converted to raster data. The case study for our research was conducted in an integrated ArcGIS/ ERDAS environment.
