By Stanley A. Schwartz (auth.), Mark Ballow (eds.)
It has been little greater than a century given that Emil von Behring and his colleagues (1890) confirmed that the blood of tetanus-immune rabbits contained an element which may be transferred to nonimmune animals to guard them opposed to tetanus. those observations, including the paintings of Paul Ehrlich, began scientists at the lengthy and complicated route to our current figuring out of the humoral, or B-cell, immune approach. those early experiences resulted in Nobel prize awards for von Behring (1901 ) and Ehrlich (1908), every one of whom contributed a lot to our wisdom of the B-cell immune method. within the early twentieth century it was once famous that the serum of people who had lately suffered infection contained a protecting humoral issue which may be transferred to a nonimmune individual, thereafter affording that particular safety opposed to the infectious agent that had prompted sickness. In 1933 McKhann and Chu suggested placental extract containing the globulin fraction may well adjust measles. although, it was once no longer till 1939 that Tiselius and Kabat proven that the antibodies chargeable for defense opposed to those infectious issues resided in the gammaglobulin plasma fraction. In an enormous breakthrough, Cohn in 1944 tested a style for the fractionation and purification of this plasma gammaglobulin fraction. those methods, that are according to chilly ethanol precipitation of plasma, produce a without difficulty adaptable, large-scale fractionation process that remains applied to this present day within the training of industrial gammaglobulin.
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Sample text
Multiple Myeloma In the spectrum of the chronic B-cell malignancies, eLL represents an arrest at the resting B-cell stage, whereas the neoplastic cells in multiple myeloma are able to differentiate terminally to immunoglobulin secreting cells. These neoplastic plasma cells are monoclonal; as such, they produce either a single species of one immunoglobulin, a monoclonal light chain, or both. The monoclonal proteins present in patients with myeloma are, by all criteria, normal immunoglobulins. In fact, antigen specificities have been identified in a few instances (37).
The protective activity of an antibody against GBS appears to be directly related to the avidity of the antibody for the antigen on the bacterial surface (27). Avidity is determined, in part, by the isotype of the antibody and the density of the epitope on the bacterial surface. Most of the data showing lack of protection with antibody directed against the group B carbohydrate have been carried out with rabbit hyperimmune antiserum containing mostly IgG (26). Perhaps IgM, but not IgG, antibody directed against the group B carbohydrate possesses sufficient avidity to result in opsonic and protective activity.
We could not rule out the possibility that the IgM was actually getting onto the inflamed respiratory surfaces, however. We next examined an 19A monoclonal antibody against the type III GBS antigen, which was prepared by colleagues at the University of Alabama (12). The IgA MuMAb also protected against systemic infection in the neonatal rat, but only when administered into the respiratory tract or systemically along with fibronectin (19). We have recently shown that this 19A monoclonal GBS antibody acts as an opsonin (20).
