By Jason O'Neale Roach
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These neurons project to GnRH neurons, stimulating GnRH activity. In the absence of estradiol, Kiss1 neurons are highly active, leading to elevated GnRH/gonadotropin secretion. When estradiol levels rise, Kiss1 activity decreases, leading to a reduction in GnRH activity and gonadotropin secretion. Positive feedback: Kiss1 neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) also express ERα, but they are stimulated by estradiol. They may also receive inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which relay time-of-day information and project to GnRH neurons.
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are produced by neurons whose cell bodies reside in the lateral hypothalamus, and these neuropeptides (orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2) have been implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of feeding behavior and the control of sleep–wake cycles, although the nature of their involvement in body weight regulation is a matter of some controversy. Orexins are also known to influence GnRH and LH secretion. Centrally administered orexins stimulate LH secretion.
It is the C-terminal region of the α-GSU, however, that undergoes the greatest change in conformation. When bound to receptor, the C-terminal region rotates nearly 180 degrees, placing it more than α-Subunit (92 aa) H2N 37 20 Å from its position in unbound FSH.
