By Jim Butterfield
Booklet via Butterfield, Jim
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Additional resources for Machine Language for the Commodore 64 and Other Commodore Computers
Sample text
Monitors may be purchased or obtained from user clubs. Most machine language monitors work in a similar way, and have about the same commands. To proceed, you'll need an MLM in your computer. Use the built-in one, plug it in, load it in, or load and run ... whatever the instructions tell you. On a PET/CBM machine, typing the command SYS 4 will usually switch you to the built-in monifoh After an MLM has been added to a VIC or Commodore 64, the command SYS fi will usually get you there. On the Commodore PLUS/4, the BASIC command MONITOR will bring the monitor into play.
Things You Have Learned —Computers use binary. If we want to work with the inner fabric of the computer, we must come to terms with binary values. —Hexadecimal notation is for humans, not for computers. It's a less clumsy way for people to cope with binary numbers. —The 650x microprocessor chip communicates with memory by sending an address over its memory bus. —The 650x has internal work areas called registers. —The program counter tells us the address from which the processor will get its next instruction.
It's up to the programmer to decide whether a memory value is unsigned, having a value range from D to 555, or signed, having a value range from - lEfl to +157. There are still a total of E5t possibilities. The computer's memory simply holds bits, while the programmer decides how the bits are to be used in a specific case. Mathematically, it's described this way: signed numbers, if desired, are held in two's-complement form. We can hold -1 as hex FF, and - 5 as hex FE, all the way down to -1E fl as hex fl D.
