By Joseph D. Robinson
This ebook describes part a century of growth in mainstream components of organic learn: membrane shipping, firstly a spotlight of physiologists, and oxidative phosphorylation, in the beginning a spotlight of biochemists. Robinson indicates how the improvement of recent explanatory versions had all at once merged those inquiries right into a new box, bioenergetics. within the past due Nineteen Thirties, causes for the uneven distribution of ions among cells and their environments invoked absolute impermeabilities of the cell's surrounding membranes. yet new experiments contradicted that concept and validated that forming the transmembrane distributions required metabolic strength, implying the participation of lively delivery "pumps." next stories pointed out, remoted, and characterised those pumps as enzymes coupling ionic delivery to the intake of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an "energy-rich" molecule serving as a mobile power shop. within the overdue Thirties oxidative phosphylation, the method of coupling ATP synthesis to oxidative metabolism, used to be pointed out. The explanatory version rising within the subsequent many years, despite the fact that, didn't stick with the enzymatic precedents of recognized metabolic phosphorylations yet fairly embodied the primary that metabolic oxidations force lively shipping pumps to create transmembrane distribution of ions, with those ionic asymmetries then riding ATP synthesis. It was once came upon that ATP intake can shape ionic asymmetries; ionic asymmetries can force ATP formation; and ionic asymmetries-like ATP-can additionally energy different mobile features.
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Additional info for Moving Questions: A History of Membrane Transport and Bioenergetics
Example text
In direct contradiction to experimental observations. " 71 When Steinbach finally addressed the specific criticisms of his 1940 paper in 1951, he supplied 44 MOVING QUESTIONS information Conway and Krogh had requested: the composition of the media, the experimental temperature, and the final weights of the muscles. 72 Steinbach acknowledged that Conway had been unable to replicate his results, but stated that another investigator had. 73 And Steinbach then described similar and extended studies.
Astbury considered that ex-keratin contained cyclical loops. More elaborate was Dorothy Wrinch's model featuring cyclollinks that joined amino acids into sheets, with these then folded into polyhedra of definite molecular weight. Yet another ill-fated proposal was Bergmann and Carl Niemann's conclusion that the total number of amino acids in a protein-as well as the number of occurences of each amino acid in that protein-is invariably given by the formula 2m3", where m and n are integers. In the first successful X-ray study of a globular protein, J.
But the focus on protoplasm arose from Steinbach's attributing to protoplasm the generation of electrical responses and his commitment to ion binding. 31 Steinbach's reluctance to grant active roles to membranes undoubtedly reflected contemporary concepts of membrane structure, for Danielli's model depicted merely passive barriers. But in 1941 Steinbach emphasized the central significance of steady-state systems, tying asymmetric distributions of ions to "active forces"; the explicit contrast was with a "diffusion equilibrium.
