By Luiz A. Martinelli, Robert W. Howarth
Advances in our realizing of the nitrogen cycle and the impression of anthropogenic actions on nearby to international scales depend upon the growth of clinical reviews to those fast-developing areas. This publication provides a chain of stories from around the Americas whose goal is to spotlight key average procedures that keep an eye on nitrogen biking in addition to talk about the most anthropogenic impacts at the nitrogen cycle in either the tropical and temperate areas of the Americas.
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Additional resources for Nitrogen Cycling in the Americas: Natural and Anthropogenic Influences and Controls
Sample text
Despite the documented depletion of soil nutrients and nitrogen deposition that exceeds long-term critical loads in analogous parts of Europe, there are no detectable trends in stream or lake concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in central Ontario during the last two decades. 5 kg N ha)1 y)1 (Watmough and Dillon 2003a). Dean Jeffries (pers. ) has also analyzed 1081 lakes in eastern Ontario using Henriksen’s SSWC model. Current deposition exceeds critical loads in 45 percent of the lakes. The nitrogen component of the exceedances is, however, very small.
US and eastern Canadian NOx emissions have declined slightly and a downward trend is expected to continue. In contrast, ammonia emissions increased by 15% between 1990 and 2000. They are expected to continue to increase slightly until 2020 (Vet et al. 2005). 27 Figure 1. Recent trends in nitrogen emissions in Canada. Dashed lines indicate projected levels. Data from Vet et al. (2005). The sources of NOx in Canada are somewhat different from more urbanized and industrialized countries, with off-road vehicles contributing almost as much NOx as on-road vehicles.
Dry deposition values have only been measured for 5 years, so there are no detectable long-term trends. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and NO2 are not included in dry deposition, so total deposition estimates are likely underestimated by as much as 40% in industrial regions, and about 10% for most of Canada (Vet et al. 2005). Wet and bulk deposition measurements of inorganic nitrogen species have been made since the early 1980s at several sites. In Dorset, in central Ontario, near the center of the steep gradient from high southern deposition values to near-pristine northern ones, 26 years of precipitation record show no statistically-significant trend in either nitrate or ammonium.
