By National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Physics Survey Overview Committee
Physics first and foremost of the twenty-first century has reached new degrees of achievement and impression in a society and country which are altering speedily. Accomplishments have led us into the data age and fueled large technological and monetary improvement. The speed of discovery is quickening and more suitable hyperlinks with different fields corresponding to the organic sciences are being built. The highbrow succeed in hasn't ever been better, and the questions being requested are extra formidable than ever earlier than. "Physics in a brand new period" is the ultimate document of the NRC's six-volume decadal physics survey. The ebook studies the frontiers of physics learn, examines the function of physics in our society, and makes ideas designed to bolster physics and its skill to serve very important wishes akin to nationwide defense, the financial system, info know-how, and schooling.
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This may allow a well-known compound to be remade in a new form with different properties. Finally, well-known materials sometimes exhibit new (and in some cases unexpected) properties that appear when the ability to process them is improved. 1 addressed a technological need, such as information storage and transfer. 1 Some New Materials of the Past 15 Years Advance Driver Nature of Advance New compounds/materials High-temperature superconductors Organic superconductors Rare-earth optical amplifiers High-field magnets Organic electronic materials Magneto-optical recording materials Amorphous metals Science Science Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Unexpected Unexpected Evolutionary Evolutionary Evolutionary Evolutionary Evolutionary New structures of known materials Quasicrystals Buckyballs and related structures Nanoclusters Metallic hydrogen Bose-Einstein condensates Giant magnetoresistance materials Diamond films Quantum dots Foams/gels Science Science Science Science Science Technology Technology Technology Technology Unexpected Unexpected Evolutionary Evolutionary Evolutionary Unexpected Evolutionary Evolutionary Evolutionary New properties of known materials Gallium nitride Silicon-germanium Technology Technology Unexpected Evolutionary QUANTUM MANIPULATION AND NEW MATERIALS by scientific curiosity.
Scanning tunnel- QUANTUM MANIPULATION AND NEW MATERIALS 21 ing microscopes, for instance, can examine the electrons at each atom on a surface (see sidebar “Scanning Tunneling Microscope”), magnetic force microscopes can show the magnetic bits on a hard disk, near-field scanning optical microscopes probe optical properties, and atom probes can identify SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) uses an atomically sharp metal tip to scan a surface and image the location of individual atoms.
These technological advances have allowed physicists to address such fundamental issues as how small a superconducting grain can be and still remain a superconductor. They have also permitted the construction of practical devices such as precision charge pumps that use a bucket-brigade technique to pump exactly one electron through the device for each cycle of an applied voltage. A remarkable new invention, the radio frequency single-electron transistor, uses transport through a nanoelectronic device to measure the presence of nearby tiny electrical charges with unprecedented speed and sensitivity.
