By Brian Chapman (auth.)
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It assumed the r~ght to unrestricted interference in the private affairs of its subjects, especially with their property and liberty in order to expand the general welfare and for the protection of public security and order. Owing to its close control of culture and the economy and the restrictions it placed on individual liberty, it was vehemently attacked by the emerging liberal bourgeois movement. If jurists saw the National Socialist state in this way, other foreign observers became more obsessed with the political reality rather than with the juridical theory.
13 The police had come to typify the arbitrary use of bureaucratic power, and popular feeling ran against the political use of the police rather than against central control as such. The Police State in Transition/49 It will be seen, therefore, that despite the institutional and theoretical changes which had taken place in Europe during the nineteenth century, it was still possible in 1914 to trace back important social, political, and administrative elements to the traditional police state: the dominant, paternalistic bureaucracy of Frederick II, the surveillance of society by the secret police of Joseph II, and the role of the police apparat as the arbiter, censor and moral guide of society, as first elaborated by the great master, Fouche.
In the event of a crime the police would systematically interrogate everyone in the vicinity whether or not there was any evidence against them. Crimes were solved by a process of elimination, each witness 48/ The Police State in Transition having to prove his innocence to the satisfaction of the police. German police authorities had a complex and detailed method of registering all persons in their area, the Meldwesen, whereby all inhabitants, of whatever nationality, had to report their comings and goings to the local police authorities, who then elaborately cross-checked and indexed all arrivals and departures.
