By Kenneth Lee, Jerry Neff
Produced Water: Environmental hazards and Advances in Mitigation Technologies
The discharge of produced water from offshore oil and fuel amenities is still an environmental trouble because of uncertainty concerning its destiny, delivery and strength organic results. This e-book of peer-reviewed papers from lively medical practitioners world wide, presents an outline of present wisdom and rising problems with obstacle relating to the release of produced water at sea. subject matters lined include:
- Chemical composition and characterization of constituents
- Analytical strategies for decision the composition and characterization of components
- Identification of organic effects
- Environmental results tracking (EEM) protocols
- Biodegradation and bioaccumulation
- Modeling of destiny, delivery, power results and environmental risk
- Advances in mitigation technologies
- Policies and rules for therapy and disposal
- Identification of organic effects
- Environmental results tracking (EEM) protocols
- Biodegradation and bioaccumulation
- Modeling of destiny, delivery, strength results and environmental risk
- Advances in mitigation technologies
- Policies and laws for therapy and disposal
This publication might be of use to scientists, environmental managers, regulators, and representatives, in addition to participants of the general public wishing to achieve a stronger wisdom at the discharge of produced water from offshore oil and gasoline amenities for the security of our ocean atmosphere and its resources.
This publication can be of use to scientists, environmental managers, regulators, and representatives, in addition to contributors of the general public wishing to achieve a higher wisdom at the discharge of produced water from offshore oil and fuel amenities for the security of our ocean atmosphere and its resources.
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Extra info for Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies
Sample text
12). Corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and gas treatment chemicals (glycol and methanol) may be high in production systems with these problems. The point in the production stream where the chemical is added influences the amount that may be discharged or reinjected with the produced water. Treatment chemicals are used to solve specific problems and are not added if there is no demonstrated need. Environmental problems may arise if the more toxic treatment chemicals, such as biocide or corrosion inhibitor, are used at a frequency or concentration greater than needed to solve the problem.
Concentrations of PAH were measured in the water column and in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) deployed at different distances from production platforms in the Norwegian sector off the North Sea (Johnsen et al. 1998; Røe Utvik et al. 1999; Durell et al. 2006; Neff et al. 2006). Direct measurements of PAH in the water gave inconsistent results, because concentrations were too low and variable. However, the mussels did bioaccumulate PAH from the water. PAH concentrations in mussels decreased with distance down-current from platforms.
There is no correlation between the concentrations of the two radium isotopes in produced water from the Gulf of Mexico, because of their different origins in the geologic formation. However, there is a good correlation between 228 Ra and 226 Ra activity in produced 16 J. Neff et al. 012 Worldwide Scotian Shelf Grand Banks Texas Louisiana Gulf Coast Offshore US Gulf of Mexico Santa Barbara Channel, CA Cook Inlet, AK North Sea Dutch North Sea Norwegian continental shelf S. 7 <2–183 Santschi and Honeyman (1989), Nozaki (1991) Jonkers et al.
