By G. P. Bishop, J. L. E. Flack (auth.), M. Campbell (eds.)
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Extra info for Sensor Systems for Environmental Monitoring: Volume Two: Environmental Monitoring
Example text
Volatilisation to the atmosphere or within the soil will be a function of the concentration gradient between the liquid phase and the air and the area of the air-liquid phase interface. g. sands and gravels. For contaminants that have entered the soil solution or solubilised in groundwater, Henry's law constant is often used as a indicator of how rapidly the contaminant will be transferred from the aqueous phase to the air. The constant (He> is the ratio of the partial pressure of a compound in air to the mole fraction of the compound in water at equilibrium.
Ongoing research by Ferguson will lead to the development of a computer-based system that will allow sampling campaigns to be designed with respect to both the need to identify 'hot spots' of a certain size and the bias in sampling effort that should be accommodated as a result of inferred or actual knowledge of site conditions (Ferguson, 1995). 2 Retrieval of samples The sampling techniques adopted will depend upon the physical characteristics of the site and the particular phase (solid liquid or gaseous) that is to be sampled.
The process usually commences with a desk study, which seeks to obtain details of site characteristics and which will subsequently assist in focusing invasive site investigations and, ultimately, the detailed interpretation of site conditions. The desk study would normally involve reference to historical maps and plans. These can be of considerable help in establishing site topography and site layout, such as the geographical position of a body of waste, which might correlate closely with a previous mineral extraction activity, or the location of potentially polluting processes carried out within an industrial facility.
