By Dorothy Thompson (auth.)
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The line between the advocacy of violence and the expectation of provocative violence by the authorities was always very fine. Advocates of the 'Sacred Month' - the general strike for the Charter included some who, like Thomas Attwood, believed it to be a totally peaceful method of persuasion, and others who, like Bronterre O'Brien, considered that once it was embarked upon it would amount to a declaration of war against authority which must inevitably lead to a violent confrontation. Since most of the Chartist leaders in the early months used to some extent the rhetoric of violence, it is difficult to assess which of them might have been expected to put themselves at the head of an insurrectionary movement after the rejection of the Charter.
12. J. Holden, 'Short History ofTodmorden' (1929). 13. Thomas Cooper, 'Wise Saws and Modern Instances' (1845) xi 23-4. - and how staggered he felt in his reforming faith, when the 'liberal' administration urged the passing of the strange Malthusian measure! 'I cannot understand it' he would exclaim, in the hearing of the numerous participants in his English hospitality; 'I never thought that Reform was to make the poor more miserable and the poorest of the poor most miserable. It is a mystery to me!
The Newport rising of 4 November was the occasion chosen by the Chartists themselves for the challenging of the authority of the government. The reasons for the failure of the Newport attempt have been discussed many times, and will be discussed again (57). Apart from the local misfortunes and failures of organisation, the basic reasons why an insurrection had little chance of success are clear enough. The British government was secure in the support of the upper and middle classes, the army was loyal, no foreign forces threatened - even Ireland was able to spare troops for the English manufacturing districts in 1839 and 1840 (58).
