By John G. Gunnell
During this insightful publication, amazing political scientist John G. Gunnell explores the connection among social technology and philosophy, and the diversity of difficulties that experience attended this courting. Gunnell argues that social technology has became to philosophy, specifically to parts similar to the philosophy of technology and different websites of philosophical foundationalism, looking for cognitive identification and the grounds for normative and empirical judgment. Gunnell's emphasis is on political and social idea and the theoretical structure of social phenomena. The Orders of Discourse should be of curiosity to political theorists, political philosophers, and social scientists.
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Additional info for The Orders of Discourse
Sample text
It is social science and the philosophy of natural science, on the one hand, and politics and natural science, on the other hand, that belong to the same orders of discourse. The philosophy of social science is a third-order enterprise, and as such it makes sense to speak of it as addressing the relationship, both cognitive and practical, between, for example, political science and politics, since they are conventional precon- 24 The Orders of Discourse stituted activities. In talking about thes'e practices, the philosophy of social science is presenting a reconstruction and interpretation, and there could reasonably be fourth-order discussions comparing these reconstructions with the practices that have been reconstructed.
It is possible, for exan1ple, as I will discuss later, to make a case for the idea that the meaning of a text is essentially a construction of its readers and of its interpretive history, and it may be reasonable to suggest that there is an important sense in which every rendition of a composer's musical score is a new work. There are, however, limits to these epistemological metaphors. Conventional phenomena n1ay be interpreted by secondorder discourses, but they are not fundamentally a product of interpretation.
My basic point, however, is not to make a priori categorical judgments about discourses in terms of the labels that are characteristically applied to them but rather to indicate criteria for n1aking distinctions. In response to the open question of whether there is really a sharp distinction between a first-order and second-order practice, there is no general answer but rather the need to point to an instance such as the distinction between actors and theater critics in contemporary society or, in the case of art, between Willem de IZooning and Robert Hughes.
